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EBRU SANATI - MARBLING ART - Suda Raks


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Son Çalışmalarımdan Örnekler

Mayıs 18, 2009 ·

  

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Eskilerde

Şubat 4, 2009 · Kategori: About Me - Hakkımda

Bu yazıyı çok özel bir dostumun beni yüreklendirmesi sonucu blogumda paylaşmaya karar verdim.

Ülkeler , şehirler , evler hepsi ayrı birer alem yaşam içinde. Yeni bir yere gittiğimde hep arka sokaklar ilgili çekmiştir..Meydanlar , caddeler , müzeler bunlar göz önündedir ve bizlere görmek isteneni sunar ama neden ise bir şehri bana anlatan, etkileyen  ve tanıtan hep arka sokakları olmuştur.

 

İnsanlar , evler , giyimler  hareketler  hep o yerleri anlatır yansıtır birer ayna gibi. Hele ki kapıların önüne bırakılıveren eski eşyalar.Bazen kırık bir masa , bir gece lambası , eski bir yastık ya da  bir koltuk. Aslında o kadar çok şey gizlidir ki onlarda bir yaşam hatta birkaç nesil.Bizde hala babaannemin annesinden kalan küçük bir  dolap ile koltuklar var vermeye bir türlü kıyamadığım ve hala oturmaya bile kıyamadığım türden, zaman zaman dokunup gözlerimi kapatıp yaşananları hayal  ederim.

 

Beni en çok kapıya bırakılanlar etkiler.Neler yaşanmıştır o eşyalarda ,  koltuklarda , cumbalı evlerin önünde hayal ederim o zamanları ve insanları ,  bir anne çocuklarını beklerken   soğuk bir kış gününde , çocuklar sevinçle  çıtır çıtır yanan sobanın ateşinde o koltukların üstünde oynarken , ve o eski gece lambasında belki de ne sevda dolu dizeler   yazılmıştır o ellerde o masalar üstünde şimdilerde iki dakikada yazıp çiziktirip elektronik postalarla gönderdiğimiz mektupların yerine zarfların içine nasıl da koyuvermişlerdir  duygularını, kokularını, korkularını  ve hasretlerini , kır bahçesinden koparttıkları küçücük çiçekleri.Ve onu bekleyen ne yürekler vardı kim bilir? Ya o koltuklar cumbaların önündeki , özlenileni bekleyenler , mis kokulu kahve sohbetleri , üzüntüler kavuşmalar.Şimdi hepsi gerilerde kaldı ve belki de birer birer eski eşyalar gibi kapıların önüne bırakıldı , ta ki biz yeniden sahip çıkana kadar.

 

Güzel bir rüyanın sabahına uyanmanız dileğiyle.

 

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Ormanlarımıza Sahip Çıkalım - We must claim our earth

Aralık 12, 2008 · Kategori: Sosyal Etkinlikler

http://www.tema.org.tr/2B/     join and  subscribe please   to the  world.
TEMA 2/B kapsamındaki orman arazilerinin satılmaması için imza 
kampanyası başlattı. 
Hayrettin Karaca ''verin bana bir milyon imza, sattırmam '' diyor. 
Aşağıdaki siteden imza kampanyasına katılabilirsiniz. (30 sn zaman ayırın)

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Yorumlar Hakkında

Aralık 6, 2008 · Kategori: Ebru Sanatı-Marbling Art


Sayfama gelen yorumların çoğunda ebru sanatının nasıl yapıldığı ve bu sanata olan ilgiden bahsediliyor, bu yüzden diğer teknik sayfaların  adresini ve ebru sanatının bilgilelerinin paylaşıldığı adresleri vermek istedim. İlgilenenler üye olabilir ve bu sayfalardan faydalanabilirler.Eserlerimi kaynak göstermek şartı ile kullanabilirler.


MARBLING : It is a kind of decoration which is passed on a paper. On paper decoration, we drip oil paint with diluted with water on the water which is condensed with kitre and starch stick.
It is a traditional decoration art, which is made on paper with special methods. In reality marbling has an appearance like a cloud. Marbling art is decoration art in east countries. Firstly it has started in Türkistan and it has passed to Ottomans by the way of İran. In west marbling means ‘Turkish Paper’. It requires long hand made for each piece. We also keep alive to Ottoman art and also we add colour to our houses. Marbling art is unique and only one in the world. Because it is imposible to do the same design. This is a feature of marbling art.
A kind of glue is poured into water and one day. Later it is carefully strained and paints are sprinkled over water.By using toothstick, hairpin, comb etc, various designs are obtained. The result gives us one and unique product. Because to provide the same design is imposible


Sanat ve teknikler hakkında bilgi almak isteyenler  ..

 suyunrenklerlesevdasi@hotmail.com   Sanatla ilgilenen ve bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen herkes mail ile ulaşabilir elimden geldiğince cevaplamaya çalışacağım.
If you want learn something about marbling art you can send me an e mail l will be answer your questions when l am avaible.
 MarblingArt@yahoogroups.co.uk : Ebru sergilerinin, teknik bilgilerin ve ebru sanatı ile ilgili soruların  paylaşıldığı bir grup.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/marblingart/ : My works photos.

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Bu Sütunda Son Çalışmalarım Yer Almaktadır

Kasım 19, 2008 · Kategori: Calismalarim- My Works


Çalışmalarla ilgili bilgi almak isteyenler  esinsevgin@hotmail.com   a mail atabilirler.

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Çalışmalar-Programlar

Ekim 11, 2008 · Kategori: About Me - Hakkımda

 

 
2008 Kasım Çeşme - Altın Yunus'da Yara Bakım Kongresinde Ebru Gösterisi



2008 Bilgi Üniversitesi Kısa Dalga Gençlik Merkezi Sanat Atölyesi Çalışmasında.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/yozant/page2/ diğer fotoğraflar

Bilgi Üniversitesi tarafından düzenlenen Gep Genç Festivali

Deniz Yıldızı Sanat Atölyesi

 

 

2008 Yılında Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü'nün düzenlediği Su Medeniyeti Ebru Yarışması afişine ebrusu seçildi.

 
İşini sadece elleriyle yapan işçi,
Elleri ve beyniyle yapan zenaatkâr,
Elleri,beyni ve gönlüyle yapan ise sanatkârdır.
Anonim

 

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Ebrudan Takılar / Made in Marbling Art - Necklaces

Ekim 10, 2008 · Kategori: Calismalarim- My Works


Çıkma Ebrulardan  yaptığım takılar , eskilerde dergilerden  yapılan kolyelerden.

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Kitre Geven (Astragalus)

Ekim 10, 2008 · Kategori: Ebru Sanatı-Marbling Art

KİTRE
Ebrudaki en önemli malzemelerden biride kitredir.Kitre boyalar ile su arasında denge vazifesi görürek boyaların kağıtta sabitlenmesini sağlar.
Kitre: Anadolu, Iran ve Türkistan daglarinda kendiliginden yetisen "gaven" adi verilen dikensi bir bitkinin gövdesinden elde edilir. Yaz aylarinda çizilen dallarindan akan süt, daha sonra kurur ve kemik rengi beyaz parçaciklar halinde toplanir. . İpek kitresi ise, toz halinde hazır olarak satılmaktadır.    Bilhassa aktarlarda "fiyor kitre" diye satılanı tercih edilir.
Kitre yerine ayva çiçeği, denizkadayıfı ( kerajin ) keten tohumu veya salep de kullanılabilir. Bir iki gece suda bekletildikten sonra eriyen ve yumuşayan kitre, bir tülbentten süzülür ve gerekirse su katılarak  kıvamına getirilir.

 YAPRAK KİTRE :  

 5 litre sertliği olmayan suda ( 3lt/20-40 gr ) iki ya da üç gün ıslatılır. Arada bir  şişmiş olan kitre el ile ezilerek erimesi kolaylaştırılır. Tekrar el ile iyice ezildikten sonra dokusu çok sıkı olmayan bir kumaştan ( naylon çoraplarda olabilir ) yapılmış süzme torbasından birkaç kez geçirilerek ve dipte kalan tortuları sıkılmadan süzülür ve kullanıma hazır hale gelir. Ayran ya da salep kivaminda olmalidir. 3-4 saat sonra şişmeye başlayarak denizanası görünümü alır Biraz daha su ilave edilerek , elle ufak parçalara ayrılır . Bu işleme , madde sahlep kıvamına gelene kadar 2-3 gün devam edilir .

 Yaklaşık %1lik kitre hesabı ile (100 birim su - 1 birim, kitre) ebru yapılacak kitreli su hazırlanır. Suya atılan kitre eritilerek en az bir gece bekletilen bu karışım kalın bir bez torbadan süzülerek ebrunun yapılacağı tekneye dökülür. Eğer karışım koyu olmuşsa salep kıvamına gelinceye kadar su ile inceltilir. Yapılacak ebrunun cinsine göre kitre miktarı değiştirilebilir. Hazırlanan bu kitre tekneye dökülür ve yapılacak ebrunun türüne göre kıvamı ayarlanır. Koyu renk ebrular için koyu kıvamlı  açık renk ebrular için sulu kitre tercih edilir.Suyun yoğunluğu kitreyle attırılsa da, boyaların dibe çökmemesi için suda bir yüzey gerilimi yaratmak gerekir.

 Kitrenin Hazırlanışı : Yaklaşık olarak bir litre suya 4 çay kaşığı sentetik kitre ( kerajin ) karıştırılarak hazırlanır. Ebru teknesinin boyutuna göre su ve kitre oranı çoğaltılıp azaltılır. Hazırlanan kitre süzülerek ebru teknesine dökülür , dinlenmeye bırakılır.Kitre (gumma dragacanthinum) çözülüp bir sıvı haline gelinceye kadar 1 gün suda bekletilir, sonra süzülür; kullanılacak kâğıt yaprağının genişliğinde bir kaba iki üç parmak derinliğinde olmak üzere boşaltılır. Hazırlanan sıvının suya göre ne fazla ağır ne de çok hafif olmamasına dikkat edilir. Yoksa serpilen boyalar ya sıvının ağırlığı dolayısıyla açılamaz ya da aşırı hafifliğinden ötürü istenilen şekilleri düzgün biçimde almaz.Boyalar hakkinda Boyaların özü ne kadar hafif ise  kullanımı o ölçüde başarılı olacaktır.

 Her ebrucu sonbaharda ebru yapmaya başlayacağı zaman bir sene yetecek kadar kitre alır ve birkaç tekne açtıktan sonra teknesinin alacağı su miktarına ne kadar kitre koyacağının ölçüsünü bulur.

Bu ölçü yani kitrenin kıvamı, içinde kurşunkalem kalınlığında bir çubuk yürütülerek kitre üzerinde bıraktığı izle bulunur. Doğru ayarda, kitre içinde çekilen çubuk dışarı alınınca kitre üzerinde bıraktığı iz olduğu yerde kalmalı, ne çekiş istikametinde ileri nede lastik gibi geri gitmemelidir.    

Geven Bitkisi                                          Deniz Kadayıfı

               
                     

Algler mineral, vitaminler ve iz elementler bakımından zengindir. Bundan dolayı Pasifik ülkeleri, Çin ve Japonya başta olmak üzere, dünyanın bir çok yerinde insan ve hayvan gıdalarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Japonların kişi başına 6.7 kg ile günümüzde öncekinden olduğundan daha fazla deniz yosunu tükettiği görülmektedir. Japon yemeği Asakusa-nori ve Galler ülkesine özgü bir ekmek türü, morumsu bir alg olan Porifera'dan (Porphyra) yapılmaktadır. Kahverengi algler aljinat endüstrisinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. İlk kez 1883 yılında izole edilen aljinik asit, selüloza benzeyen bir yapı gösteren, zamkımsı (yapışkan) bir polimerdir. Aljinik asitin tuzları, kendi ağırlıklarının birkaç kat fazlasını absorbe edebildiklerinden (emebildiklerinden) ve geniş bir viskozite aralığına sahip olduklarından dolayı kolaylıkla jel oluşturabilirler. Tüm bu özelliklerinin yanında toksik olmamaları da ayrı bir avantajdır. İlaçlar, kosmetik kremler, karton ve mukavva ile işlenmiş gıdaların üretimleri gibi sayısız kullanım alanları vardır. Başta İrlanda yosunu (deniz kadayıfı) olarak bilinen Chondrus crispus olmak üzere, bir dizi kırmızı algden elde edilen carrageenin, yaygın endüstriyel kullanıma sahip benzer bir polimerdir. Mikrobiyoloji ve mikro çoğaltmada önemli bir ortam olan agar da kırmızı algden  çıkarılmaktadır. Likenler, biyolojik indikatörlerin en vazgeçilmezleri arasında yer alırlar. Sıklıkla kullanılabilir besinlerin sınırlı olduğu alanlarda yetişen likenler, mineral iyonları tutmada yüksek bir verimlilik gösterirler. Sülfür dioksite olan hassasiyetleri dolayısıyla, bölgesel kirlilik ve asit yağmurları düzeylerini gösterirler. Ekonomik olarak bakıldığında algler kadar önemli olmamakla birlikte, likenlerin turnusol boyası ve bazı yörelerde geleneksel olarak kullanılan boyalarla bitkisel ilaçların yanında insan veya hayvan gıdası olarak bir çok kullanım alanı mevcuttur. Likenler, bir çok omurgasız hayvanın gıdasıdır ve arktik bölgelerde çeşitli ren geyiği türlerinin başlıca kış yiyeceğidir (yaklaşık günde 3-5 kilo arası).

 Deniz algleri ve deniz yosunu ürünleri her gün kullanılan sayısız eşyaya dönüşmektedir. Yüksek verimlilik deniz yosunlarını hatırı sayılır bir besleyici kaynak yapmıştır. Deniz yosunları gıda sanayinde sucuk yapımında ve dondurma ve ketçaplara şekil vermede kullanılır. Fosil alglerde çok değerlidir. Diyatomelerin dekore edici silika kabukları, diyatomeli toprağın çok büyük miktarda fosilimsi tortularını oluştururlar. % 88’e varan bir oranda saf silikon dioksit (SiO2) içeren bu toprak kimyasal olarak tesirsizdir ve başta şeker rafinasyonu olmak üzere endüstriyel filtrasyonda kullanılır. Düşük ağırlığa sahip diyo temeli tuğlalar, MS 532'de Ayasofya’nın 32,6 m çapındaki kubbesinin inşasını mümkün kılmıştır.
Bilgiler ders notlarından ve internetten alınmıştır...

 

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About Marbling Art - English and Germany Documents

Ekim 9, 2008 · Kategori: Marbling Art

MARBLING : It is a kind of decoration which is passed on a paper. On paper decoration, we drip oil paint with diluted with water on the water which is condensed with kitre and starch stick.

It is a traditional decoration art, which is made on paper with special methods. In reality marbling has an appearance like a cloud. Marbling art is decoration art in east countries. Firstly it has started in Türkistan and it has passed to Ottomans by the way of Ýran. In west marbling means ‘Turkish Paper’. It requires long hand made for each piece. We also keep alive to Ottoman art and also we add colour to our houses. Marbling art is unique and only one in the world. Because it is imposible to do the same design. This is a feature of marbling art.
A kind of glue is poured into water and one day. Later it is carefully strained and paints are sprinkled over water.By using toothstick, hairpin, comb etc, various designs are obtained. The result gives us one and unique product. Because to provide the same design is imposible.

Painting with Variations of the Marbling Technique: Cosmogrammes: A Memoir

Louise Janin

Leonardo, Vol. 8, No. 4. (Autumn, 1975), pp. 281-286.
Stable URL:

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0024-094X%28197523%298%3A4%3C281%3APWVOTM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4

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Mon Jun 18 23:56:58 2007


Leonardo, Vol. 8, pp. 281-286. Pergamon Press 1975. Printed in Great Britain

PAINTING WITH VARIATIONS
OF THE MARBLING TECHNIQUE-
COSMOGRAMMES: A MEMOIR

LouiseJanin*

Abstract-The author describes her nonfigurative paintings, which she calls Cosmogrammes,
made by techniques involving the deposit on a sheet of paper or some other
support of pigments and other materials suspended in intermingling immiscible liquids. The
relationship of her techniques to the one used in marbling is described. She points out
their particular versatility for obtaining patterns suggestive of visual aspects of certain
natural objects and phenomena and for obtaining a wide variety of textural efects. She
discusses the important role played by 'lucky accidents' in the making of Cosmogrammes.

Some shapes and styles in the plastic arts had artless
and adventitious beginnings. Consider, for example,
the familiar and quite florid Corinthian capitals.
When they topped the fluted shafts of temples in
Imperial Rome, few citizens would have known the
tale about a Peloponnesian rustic, with oafish
humor, plumping an old basket into a cluster of
acanthus leaves and an architect strolling by seeing
in the 'happening' a novel capital, richer than the
prevalent Ionic spirals. Another legend traces the
art of painting in ancient Greece to the sudden
whim of a girl named Kora. Noting the shadow
cast on a wall by her suitor's profile, she seized a
scrap of charcoal and traced its outline so as to
keep a vestige of the youth for days of his absence.

One could invent a legend about a Persian artist,
who, upon admiring the meandering iridescent
patterns of an oil film on a calm expanse of water,
dreamed of making colored pigments behave as
enchantingly. Such may have been the genesis of
the traditional marbling technique, to which the
variations that I use (hereinafter referred to as
Janin marbling techniques) in my Cosmogrammes
are related. I called the Cosmogrammes 'osmotic'
paintings, however I realize that from the point of
view of physics the term osmotic is erroneous. My
attention was first drawn to the traditional marbling
technique at the International Exposition of
Decorative Arts (Paris, 1925). The Exposition, a
milestone in the development of the visual arts,
helped to beat down the barrier erected by official-
dom to separate the fine arts from the applied arts.
A young aspirant at the time, I had received recog-
nition a year earlier from a private showing of my

* Artist and art writer living at 12 rue Marthe-Edouard,
92190 Meudon, France. (Received 8 Aug. 1974.)
oil paintings at the Bernheim Jeune Gallery [l]
and I displayed some of my work in the 1925
Exposition. A tapestry, 'L'Aprtts-midi d'un Faune'
[2], executed from my design by a house of modern
interior decorating, Le Studium du Louvre, for its
pavilion at the Exposition, received a certificate of
award.

Likewise honored in the field of applied art was
a young woman who exhibited sumptuously hand-
printed sheets of art paper for bookbinding. When
we met, she gave me, in view of my deep interest
in textures, several specimens of her work. In
earlier student years, during which I traveled in the
Far East and collected many art objects, I had been
attracted to the Japanese method of mounting
scroll paintings with strips of contrasting brocades,
which gives tasteful attention to their different
widths. ('Very important', said a Japanese fellow
art student when I mentioned the matter.) From
this example I was led to designing picture frames
decorated with symbolic motifs or with oriental
fabrics laid between carefully selected mouldings.
Some pictures, I reasoned, might have their com-
position better integrated and enlarged in this way.

An early example of the marbling technique may
be seen in the borders and grounds of Persian
miniatures or of pious calligraphy, a forerunner of
nonfigurative painting. The technique was brought
to Italy during the Renaissance and later to France
for marbling the covers of books. It has since been
developed to produce a more sophisticated variety
of patterns and colors and even a cloudy melting
of tones.

The marbled and hand-printed sheets of art
paper that I had collected for study seemed to offer
a satisfying solution to the problem of mounting


286
Louise Janin

they have sometimes been used in modern pendants,
rings and bracelets. 1 have composed, for 'internal
framing', selected small pebbles of this kind on
several of my framed assemblages of cosmogrammes.
This term refers to a 'multiple picture',
often of mural size, some mere miniatures, that
suggests more than is possible with a single cosmo-
gramme. To choose and compose such an assembly
on a composite board support is not simple. Some
arrangements of these assemblages recall to me
stanzas of a poem and, sometimes, the comparison
that Moslem poets have made of a series of unusual
metaphors to a string of jewels. This would seem

to favor the discursive style of cosmogrammes-
but is such not the vice or virtue of so many
concertos and symphonies?

The small format of most of my cosmogrammes
is meant to emphasize a precious, or refined quality;
it is said that precious things come in small
packages. They also allow one to take advantage
of easier handling than is possible with a size of
paper larger than that commonly employed for
life-class drawings.

VI.
I recognize that the phenomenon of liquid flow
such as 1 have described it for cosmogrammes is
by no means confined to the complicity of pigment
and paper. Many charming effects have been ob-
tained by others using flow of homogeneous
materials: glass, ceramics, plastics and in varied
techniques with oil paints. But I do dare ask if any
of these media can be used to ~roduce pictorial
effects of the broad range offered by the'cosmo-
gramme techniques.

It seems rather common for people to find interest
both in textural effects in paintings and in mineralo-
gical specimens-this refers not to precious stones
but to crystals, geodes, agates, ammonites, etc.,
lapideous treasures for which there is today a
flourishing commerce. This brings me to what one
might call 'natural' cosmogrammes. The art of
selection, to state one example where an artist's
choice comes into play, is manifest in those Chinese
'dream-stones' of an effect that initiated almond
eyes divined in the rough mass, which is hewn down

to a desired panel and carefully polished. They may
suggest a cluster of pines on a mountain slope, or
a misty landscape. The artist adds his signature and
perhaps a poem to his finding. And a world away,
retrieved from Tuscan quarries, are the fissile
stones called pietra cittadina. What an illusion of
devastated cyclopean structures on the marge of
streams! Unlike a subtile Chinese, a meatier
Florentine must improve on the ruiniform panel by
adding human figures, plants, whatnots and call it
a picture. And gleaned in the U.S.A. from petrified
forests are discs hewn from mineralized trunks into
glowing blended colors, that offer suggestions to
tachist painters. Then there are the weird motifs in
septaria (nodules of limestone) evoking a dance of
spirits [6, 71.

1hardly need to point out the innumerable, often
singular, forms revealed by photomicrography.
These can offer multitudes of motifs for considera-
tion by artists. The internal structure of bones, for
example, presents lace over lace in a spectral laby-
rinth. Somewhat similar patterns develop in my
cosmogrammes when pigment contracts to a
lattice having soft-shaped interstices (Fig. 3). Other
patterns of this type may be seen in some of my
nonfigurative easel paintings. Thus, it seems, that
as in life, one morphology, one mode of expression
or one technique relates to another in a perpetual
interchange.

REFERENCES

1.
Exhibition catalogue, Preface by E. Schure (Paris:
Bernheim Jeune Gallery, 1924).
Art, Enryrlopaedia Britannica, 1930 edition.
J. J. Leveque, Louis Janin (Paris: Editions Ishtar,
1959).
L. Janin, Elemental Beauty in Art, Rhyrhm (Calcutta)
(No. 4, 1966).
L. Janin, With Nature Hand in Hand, Rhyrhm
(Calcutta) (No. 3, 1967).
L. Janin, Old Stones and a New Vision, Rhythm
(Calcutta) (1969).
R. Caillois, L'Ecriture des pierres (Paris : Editions
Skirra, 1970).
R. Vrinat, Louise Janin, Vision sur les arts (Beziers,
France) (Mar. 1974).
Exhibition catalogue, with an article 'Les Cosmo-
grammes' by R. Otahi (Paris: Galerie Hexagramme.
1974).



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Nedim Sönrnez

"Das glänzende Papier mit wellenfömigen oder marmo-
rierten Zeichnungen, welches unter dem Namen des
türkischen Papiers bekannt ist, und in großer Menge
verbraucht wird, wird nicht bemahlet, nicht mit Formen
bedruckt, nicht gefärbt, denn nur die eine Seite hat die
Zeichnungen, sondern es wird auf eine Weise verfertigt,
die man kaum für möglich halten sollte und die, wie
ich vermuthe, einst noch eine viel vorteilhaftere An-
wendung erhalten wird."'

Buntpapiere stellen einen spannenden und interessanten
Teil der Kulturgeschichte dar. Ein Kästchen oder einen
Schrank damit dekoriert, verwendet als Schreib-, Über-
zugs- oder Vorsatzpapier, haben sie seit Jahrhunderten
die Aufmerksamkeit der Menschen auf sich gezogen.
Aus dem einfach gestrichenen Papier des 15. Jahrhun-
derts, ist durch ständige Entwicklungen im 19. Jahr-
hundert eine Industrie geworden, die Tausende von Ar-
beitskräften beschäftigte.

Buntpapier ist ein Begriff für Papiere, deren Oberfläche
ein- oder beidseitig farbig bestrichen, bedruckt oder
durch eine Prägung bearbeitet ist. Für die Klassifizie-
rung entscheidendist, daß diese Behandlung nach der
Phase der eigentlichen Papierherstellung erfolgte. Na-
men alter Buntpapiere sind zum Beispiel Velour-, Klei-
ster-, Marmor-, Bronzefirnis-, Brokat- und Kattunpa-
piere. Marmorpapiere gehören zu den ältesten Buntpa-
pieren in Europa. Ihre Anfänge reichen bis ins 16. Jahr-
hundert zurück; in eine Zeit, in der viele Kuriositäten
aus fremden Ländern ihren Weg nach Europa gefunden
haben -darunter auch das später als "Marmorpapier" be-
kannt gewordene "Türkische Papier" oder "Ebru", wie
es im Orient genannt wurde.

"... gink ich täglich herumb, kaufte das allerschönste
turckische Papir, so zu finden war, item Kruglein von
Terra Lemnia oder Cigillata, Lapides Bezoar, Balsamum
Verum, Zahnsturer von den Mehrschildkröten, schone
Turkosen, Rubinen, schonen Perlenmutter Schalen, so
zu Trinkgeschir dinlich, allerlei schone Muscheln, so
von =ro und aus Egipten dahin bracht werden, und was
ich sonsten frembder Sachen bekomen kunt ..."2

Reinhold Lubenau, der Verfasser dieser Zeilen, ein
Reisender des 16. Jahrhunderts, der zwischen 1586 und
1589 Istanbul besuchte, gilt auch als Namensgeber
dieser orientalischen Kunst. Zahlreiche europäische
Stammbücher des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts enthalten
viele Buntpapiere aus dem Orient, darunter auch
"Türkische Papiere".

Die ältesten datierten Marmorpapiere im Orient stam-
men aus dem Jahre 1539. Es sind die Schreibpapiere des
Kallieraohen Mir Ali aus Herat, der für seine Kalligra-

,2 1

phien in Blau gefärbte Ebru-Papiere benutzte. Als der
älteste, uns namentlich bekannte Marmorierer gilt
Mehmed Efendi, der in der zweiten Häifte des 16.Jahr

hunderts in Istanbul gelebt hat (T vor 1608). Seine mit
der Jahreszahl 1595 datierten Blätter belegen seine weit
entwickelten Marmorierkenntnisse.

Ein Fachbuch mit Rezepten und Anleitungen aus dem
Jahr 1608 enthält neben einer Rezeptur von Mehmed
Efendi einige weitere, sehr interessante Angaben. So
erfahren wir, wie die Marmorierer damals mit Zitro-
nensaft, Säften von Feigen- und Tabakblättem, Honig,
Eiern und Safran experimentiert haben. Zur Herstellung
des Marmoriergrundes benutzt man im Orient heute wie
damals noch immer Gummitragant. In einer Kultur, in
der Wissen und Erfahrung mündlich überliefert werden,
fehlen oft schriftliche Quellen. Daher sind solche alten
Rezepte für uns von großer Bedeutung.

Das 16. Jahrhundert, wirtschaftlich und politisch der
Höhepunkt des Osmanischen Reiches, war auch für die
Künste und besonders die Buchkünste ein goldenes
Zeitalter. Wir kennen zahlreiche Buntpapiersorten aus
dieser Zeit: Angefangen bei den einfarbigen, einfach
gestrichenen Papieren bis zu den aufwendig herzustel-
lenden Silhouetten-, Kaat'i-, Spritz- und Ebru-Papieren.

Das Papierfärben hat im Orient eine lange Tradition.
"Für Schriften, deren Langlebigkeit beabsichtigt war,
die jedoch eine ständige Beanspruchung aushalten muß-
ten, benötigte man das Auge nicht ermüdendes, nicht
leicht verschmutzendes, also nichtweißes ~a~ier.''~

Zum Färben benutzte man Farbstoffe auf pflanzlicher
und mineralischer Basis wie Mandel- und Quittenblät-
ter, Klatschrose, Walnuss- und Granatapfelschale, Hen-
na, Tee, Irisblüte, Schwefelarsenik, Lapislazuli, Farb-
holz und Safran. Leider sind uns manche Stoffe aus da-
maliger Zeit, auch wenn wir ihre Namen wissen, heute
nicht mehr bekannt.

Farben haben, wie in jedem Kulturkreis, so auch im
islamischen Orient, ihre Bedeutung gehabt. ''WWend
Gold als Hauptelement die Sonne symbolisiert, verbirgt
sich hinter der gelben Farbe des Lichts in Wahrheit die
Weisheit. Der Koran empfiehlt immer wieder das Licht.
Blau, die meist verwendete Farbe nach Gold, gilt als
Metapher für die Unendlichkeit und symbolisiert den
~immel.'~

Marmorpapier ist im Orient in erster Linie als Schrei-
buntergrund benutzt worden. Für diesen Zweck marmo-
rierte Papiere bezeichnete man als "Hafif Ebrulu"
(schwach marmoriertes Papier). Auch als Vorsatz- und
Übenugspapier fand es Verwendung. Nicht selten trifft
man in Handschriften auf Blumenformen oder Hatip-
Muster des 18. ~ahrhunderts.' In der Türkei wird heute
noch wie in damaliger Zeit Marmorpapier als
Schriftspiegel für Kalligraphien und Miniaturen
eingesetzt. In den orientalischen Einbänden verwendeten
die Buchbinder Marmorpapierreste als Falz.


Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts gelangte auch das Herstel-
lungsverfahren des "Türkischen Papiers" nach Europa.
Erste Hinweise finden wir im Nachlass von Daniel
Schwenter, der 1636 gestorben ist. Sein Marmorier-Re-
zept ist im Jahre 1651 von Georg Philipp Harsdörffer
veröffentlicht worden.

"Türkisches Papyr zu machen und zu
figuriren

Gummi dragacanthinum drey Tage in reinem Wasser
geweicht daß es ein weisser Safft / noch zu dick noch
zu dünn wird / welchen man in ein Gefaß / das eines
Bogens Grösse hat / schüttet / und wo1 verwahret ist. Je
leichter nun die Farben I je dienlicher sind sie hierzu.
Dann nimmt man Jndianischen Lack / Auripigmentum
& C. Eine jede Farbe muß mit weiß von Eyren an-
geruhret werden. Oxengallen und ein wenig Petroleo auf
einem Marmor abgerieben / und wider absonderlich in
die Schifflein gethan 1nochmals mit dem Pinsel in das
bereite Gummi oder Tragantwasser gesprützet / und
wann es sich alles untereinander mischen wolte / müste
man noch ein wenig Gallen darein giessen / und alsdann
das gute Schreibpapyr damit bestreichen.

Nimmet man ultramarin, welches von dem lapide La-
zuli gemachet wird / uns sonst keine Farbe / so wird
ein Papyr gleich einem Jaspis daraus.

Wann ich nun Figuren auf besagtes Papyr machen
wolte / als etwan ein Ros / so wirff ich ein tropffen
Farb rot / gelb oder blau / aus das Wasser / auf diesen
Tropffen Farb im Wasser / laß ich ein kleinen Tropffen
fallen / so trebt solche die rote / gelbe oder blaue Farb
voneinander / gleich einem Zirckel / in dieses spacium
werffe ich wider einen tropffen vorgemeldter Farb /
hemach wider und dieses so offt und lang als ich will /
nach deme die Blum oder Rose solle groß werden /
hemach formiere ich mit einem Federkühl / spitzigen
subtilen Holtz die Blätter und dergleichen. Es erfordert
diese Art zimblich Fleiß 1 und eine hurtige Hand / daß
man gleich aus dem Hirn vielerley Sachen geschwind
auf dem Wasser formieren könne / dann es nicht langen
Verzug leiden will / es falen sonsten die Farben zu
grund oder boden / die Erfahrung weiset den Handgrieff /
ist soviel als Spiritus ~ini."~

Über die Geschichte des Marmorierens ist viel geschrie-
ben ~orden.~

Wie seit langem bekannt, sind die ersten
orientalischen und europäischen Marmorpapiere in den
Alba des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts zu finden,
in denen sie als Seiten mitgebunden sind. Vor ihrer
Verwendung im Buchbindehandwerk wurden sie von den
Möbelbauem, Teleskop- und Mikroskopherstellem als
Auskleidungspapier benum8 Das Fernrohr aus dem
Pommerschen Kunstschrank zum Beispiel, ausgestellt
im Kunstgewerbemuseum zu Berlin, das zwischen 1610
und 1616 in Augsburg gefertigt wurde, ist mit einem
dieser Zeit zuzuordnenden blau-weißen Marmorpapier
ausgekleidet. Das selbe Papier soll auch in den Fächem

und Schubladen des Schrankes verwendet worden sein,
der leider im Zweiten Weltkrieg verbrannte.

Typische Muster aus der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahr-
hunderts bis Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts sind Kamm-
Muster, in Schlangenlinien gekämmte, manchmal auch
spiralfönnig durchzogene, großflächige Stein-Muster,
in eine Richtung doppelt gekämtnte Muster, feine Hin-
und-Her-Muster und Schnecken auf Stein-Muster. Sie
begegnen uns oft in den vier Farben: Indigo-Blau, Gelb
aus Schwefelarsen oder Auripigment, Krapplack-Rot
und Grün aus Indigo-Schwefelarsen. Die lebendigen und
leuchtenden Farbtöne sind charakteristisch für diese
Zeit. Mit dem Beginn der Romantik hat man Pastell-
töne in Braun oder Grau Ton in Ton marmoriert. Die
Papiere wirken stumpf, manchmal fast traurig. Im 19.
Jahrhundert waren Stein-Muster besonders beliebt. Sie
sind kleinförmig oder mit feinen Adern durchzogen.

Die Herstellung der Farben, die man zum Marmorieren
braucht, war seit jeher eine mühselige Arbeit. Zuerst
hieß es, die Pigmente so fein wie nur möglich zu ver-
reiben. Dann wurden sie mit Ochsengalle, Wasser und
Leim oder Gummiarabicum verrührt. Manchmal be-
nutzte man nur Galle und Wasser. Um besondere Mus-
tereffekte zu erzielen hat man im 19. Jahrhundert Salze
und Säuren wie Pottasche, KaIkmilch, Kreolin, Zinn-
salz, Kupfervitriol, Zitronen-, Weinstein- oder Oxal-
säure den Farben hinzugefügt. Erfreulicherweise haben
gesundheits- und umweltschädliche Mittel dieser Art
heute ihren Platz in den Marmorierwerkstätten verloren.
Sogar auf das unentbehrlich scheinende Formalin zur
Konservierung des Marmoriergrundes verzichte ich in
meiner Werkstatt seit fünfzehn Jahren.

Marmorpapier ist ursprünglich als Begriff aus-
schließlich für "Ebru" bzw. "Türkisches Papier"
verwendet worden. Später änderte sich das. Man sprach
von Kleistermarmor, einer Buntpapierart, die durch
Musterung einer mit Kleister bestrichenen Papierober-
fläche entstand, oder von Sonnen-, Achat-, Gustav-,
Baum- und Wurzelmarmor, die ebenfalls durch Farb-
auftrag direkt auf das Papier geschaffen wurden. Zu
nennen sind in diesem Zusammenhang auch Marmorier-
rollen zur Erzeugung Marmorpapier-ähnlicher Muster,
im Abziehverfahren gefärbte Buchschnitte und Papiere
sowie lithographisch hergestellte "Marmorpapiere". Die
technischen Entwicklungen im 19. Jahrhundert haben
noch viele neue Papiersorten mit sich gebracht, die als
Nachahmungen verschiedener Materialien wie Holz,
Leinen oder Leder entstanden sind.

Das Marmorieren selbst ist durch neue Muster wie
Tiger-, Bouquet- oder Jugend-Marmor bereichert wor-
den. Das Jugend-Muster der Aktiengesellschaft für
Buntpapierfabrikation in Aschaffenburg, entstanden
1899, meiner Ansicht nach eines der schönsten Marmo-
riermuster überhaupt, repräsentiert Stil und Geschmack
seiner Zeit vollkommen. Die typischen Papiere dieser
Zeit sind in Rot, Blau, Schwarz und Weiß marmorierte
feine Kamm-Muster, in Brauntönen gehaltene Bouquet-


Muster, kleinteilige Stein-Muster und ein- oder zwei-
farbige Wellen-Muster. Geglättet und glänzend wurden
sie als Buchüberzug, matt zumeist als Vorsatzpapier
verwendet. Die Glanzschicht verleiht dem Papier ein
künstliches Aussehen, eine Nachahmung, kein Orginal
möchte man meinen, sie war aber aus Gründen der
Haltbarkeit notwendig. In der zweiten Hälfte des 19.
Jahrhunderts wurde in der Papierherstellung Holzschliff
verwendet; manche Papiere enthielten 70 bis 80 Prozent
Holzschliff, was das Papier zwar verbilligte, gleich-
zeitig aber brüchig machte und schnell vergilben ließ.

Aus dieser für das Marmorieren sehr fruchtbaren Zeit
sind uns viele Bücher mit wertvollen Rezepten geblie-
ben wie die von Halfer, Kersten, Adam, Hauptmann,
Weichelt und anderen.

Ein orientalischer Meister hat in seinen Erinnerungen
beschrieben, daß er jedesmal vor seinem Marmorier-
untemcht an der Akademie der Schönen Künste in
Istanbul gebetet hat, daß das Marmorieren auch diesmal
gelingen mögeg. Heutzutage beherrschen wir die
Technik weit mehr. Trotzdem sieht sich der Marmorie-
rer in seiner Arbeit immer noch mit einem insgeheim
wirkenden, unvorhersehbaren und unkalkulierbaren Mo-
ment konfrontiert. In den letzten Jahren hat das Interes-
se am Marmorieren wieder zugenommen. Es werden re-
gelmäßig Kurse angeboten, es gibt mehr Fachbücher
und Veröffentlichungen. Am besten aber kann sich die
schöne Kunst des Marmorieres weiterentwickeln und
verbreiten, wenn sie im Buchbindehandwerk praktiziert
und von den Abnehmern geschätzt wird.

Fußnoten

1. aus: Johann Beckrnann, Beyträge zur Geschichte der
Erfingungen, Leipzig 1782, 2. Band, S. 235
2. Beschreibung der Reisen des Reinhold Lubenau,
hrsg. von W. Sahm, in: Mitteilungen aus der
Stadtbibliothek zu Königsberg i. Pr., Königsberg i. r.
1912, S. 68 f.
3. Yazir, M. B.: Medeniyet Aleminde Yazi ve Islam
Medeniyetinde Kalem Güzeli, Ankara 1981, S. 158
(Übersetzung durch den Verfasser)
4. Lings, M.: The Qurantic Art of Calligraphy and
Illumination, England 1976, S. 74 f.
5. siehe das Beispiel zwischen den Seiten 36 und 37 bei
Hämmerle, A.: Buntpapier, München 1961 und 1977
sowie auf den Seiten 47 und 120 bei Sönmez, N.:
Ebru-Marmorpapier, Ravensburg 1992
6. Georg Philip Harsdörffer: Deliciae Physico-
Mathematicae, Nümberg 1651, S. 523 f.
7. Weiterführende Informationen können entnommen
werden aus Hämmerle, A.:Buntpapier, München 1961,
(Wiederauflage 1977), Grünebaum, G.: Buntpapier,
Köln 1982, Sönmez, N.: Ebru-Marmorpapiere,
Ravesburg 1992, Sönmez, N.: Vom Ebru zum
Marmorpapier, in: Restauro 100. Jg., Nr. 1, Jan./Feb.
1994, S. 21 f.
8. Auf die mir bis dato unbekannte Verwendung von
Marmorpapier zum Auskleiden von Fernrohren hat
mich Inge Keil aufmerksam gemacht und kenntnisreich
informiert -dafür gilt ihr mein herzliche Dank.
9. Die Rede ist von Necmeddin Okyay, nachzulesen bei
Derman, U.: Türk Sanatinda Ebru, Istanbul 1977, S.
44

Smith, G. “The Manner of marbling Paper or Books.” The Laboratory or, The School of the Arts. 6“The Manner of marbling Paper or Books.” The Laboratory or, The School of the Arts. 6th

ed. London; C. Whitingham, 1799 (261-2)

The Manner of marbling Paper or Books.

TAKE clear gum tragacanth, and put it into an earthenpan; pour fresh water to it, till it is two hands
high over the gum; cover it, and let it soak twenty-four hours; then stir it well together, and add more
water to it; keep it often stirring during the day, and it will swell; when you find it well dissolved, pour it
through a cullender into another pan, and add to it more water after it has stood a little, and been stirred
about, strain it through a clean cloth into another clean pan; keep it well covered to hinder the dust or any
other thing from coming to it; this water, when you go to make use of it in marbling your paper or books,
must he neither too thick nor too thin; you may try it with your comb, by drawing the same from one end
of the trough to the other; if it swells the water before it, it is a sign that it is too thick, and you must add,
in proportion, a little more water.

Your trough must be of the largeness, and the shape of your paper, or rather something wider, cut in
flag-stone, about four inches deep.

After you have filled your trough with the aforementioned water, and fitted every thing for the work,
(before you lay on your colours) take a clean sheet of paper, and draw the surface off, by dipping it flat,
which will be a thin sort of film; then have your three colours, namely, indigo mixed with white lead,
yellow ochre, and rose pink, ready prepared at hand; and, for each colour, have two gallipots in order to
temper them as you would have them, in different shades.

All your colours must be ground very fine with brandy. The blue is easily made deeper or lighter, by
adding more or less white lead.

The yellow used for this purpose, is either yellow orpiment, or Dutch pink.

For blue, grind indigo and white lead, each by itself, in order to mix the colour either lighter or darker,

For green, take the aforesaid blue and white; add some yellow to it and temper it darker or lighter, as
you would have it.

For red, take either lake, or rose pink, or, rather, ball lake.

Every one of these colours are to be first ground very fine with brandy, or spirits, and, when you are

Ready to go to work, add a little ox or fish-gall to them; but this must be done with discretion: you
may try them, by sprinkling a few drops upon your gum water; if you find the colour fly and spread too
much about, it is a sign of too much gall; to remedy which, add more of the same colour, which has no
gall, and when you see the colour retract itself again gently, it is right.

When thus you have your colours, and all things in order, take a pencil, or the end of a feather and


(262)
sprinkle on your red colour; then the blue, yellow, green &c. Begin your red from No. 1, and go along
your trough to No. 2; also the blue from No. 3, all along to No. 4 the yellow and green put here and there
in the vacant places; then with a bodkin, or small skewer, draw a sort of sepentine figure through the
colours, beginning from No. 1, to No. 2: when this is done, then take a comb and draw the same straight
along from No. 1, to no. 2.

If you would have some turnings, or snail-work on your paper, then, with a bodkin, give the colours
what turn you please.

Now you are ready to lay on your paper, which must be moistened the day before, in the same manner
as printers do their paper for printing: take a sheet at a time, and lay it gently upon the surface of your
colours in the trough, and press it slightly with your finger in such places where you find the paper lies
hollow; this done, take hold of one end of the paper, and draw it up at the other end of the trough; hang it
up to dry on a cord; when dry glaze it*, and it is done. You may also embellish your paper with streaks of
gold, by applying muscle-shell gold or silver, tempered with gum-water, among the rest of the colours.

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